Walking on the board

Pirates, we all know who they are, or at least whe think whe know who they are, but today I am going to tell you their history.

The pirates exist since navigation exist, in the ancient times we dont have many references but in some miths like Jason and the Argonauts they make piracy acts. 

In the Middle Ages the main pirates were the know well vikings, sea men who kill people and steal everything.

The first thing you must know about them is that the helmet with horns that apears in the movies dont were used by them

Their boats were small, flat and very fast, the draft (calado) was very small so they could navigate through not very big rivers.

They make many ravages (estragos) in French, Spain, Germany and the UK.

But they weren´t as bad as why think in their houses they cultivate, they have animals, a estable economy, and thir incursions to Europe were only 3 or 4 times a year.

In the mediterranean when the arabs start invading the Iberian Peninsula they make some incursions to steel goods.

 

The golden age of the pirates

The great moment for them was in the 16th century, the New world had been discovered and the europeans have to steel all its goods, also the comerce of slaves in Africa and America was generating many profits, and all that profit had to travel by some way and that way was through sea.

Corsairs, freebooters, pirates and bucaners

Usually people dont know the diference between this 4, but there are many diferences:

Corsairs: they were people who were take on by some goverment to atack the boats of other country, probabily the most known well of them is Sir Francis Drake a corsair under the goverment of Isabel I of England

Bucaners: people native from the caribe that atack the ships full of trasures, they dont care if they were Spanish, French, or English. Certain time later they join the Brotherhood of the Coast. The diference of the pirates was that the only place they ``work´´ was in the caribean sea. 

Pirates: people that navigate ilegally and assault boats or towns near the coast, the difference that they have with the bucaners and the freebooters is that they act all around the world and they exists in all ages. They were many very famus as: Edward Teach (Black beard), Calico Jack, Mary Read, Anne Bonne, Captain Kidd (Is is maybe more corsair than pirate), Robert the Pleasant (this was the gratest of all the, he capture a total amount of boats that superate the 300 in only 2 years, he is certainly the greatest pirate of all the times )

Freebooters: were the first pirates in the caribean, first they only atacked boats that were near the coast or towns near coast, they were very similar to bucaners, but his name come from the fact that they use very small boats (Brigantines, gunboats, etc). At first they were only small groups of people that assault boat to find a little money but later thy join to the bucaners and they form the Brotherhood of the Coast, but the europeans countries looking that they have many power they take on them making them someting like a mix between corsairs and pirates. The most famous of them was The Olones.

 

Robert the pleasant

GALILEO DEFIES THE CHURCH!!!!

Galileo, one of the most renowned scientist of this time believes in the Copernican theory! This theory was rejected by the Church some years ago, but now Galileo also thinks that the Sun is the centre of the Universe! This scientist is now in the eye of the Inquisition today, in 1611. This Tribunal considers him a heretic and considers his theory absurd.
Some rummors say that Galileo is going to ask Pope Urban VIII to write about the Copernican theory, treating it as a mathematical hypothesis. Probably, he is going to discuss and compare the Ptolemaic and Copernican views.
Other people think that, if he publishes a book rejecting the Ptolemaic theory, he could be punished by the Church. What do you think? How is this story going to end?
We’ll keep you informed!

EDUCATION DURING THE RENASANCE (by Ángela Jimeno)

During the renaissance period education was viewed as one's own choice, not God's decision to be educated. Education was known as "Humanism" during this era.
The Humanists of the Renaissance created schools to teach their ideas and wrote books all about education. Humanist education was thought at the time as being an important factor to the preparation of life. Its main goal was to improve the lives of citizens and help their communities.
The children that attended the schools were generally from upper-class families, though some seats were reserved for poor but talented students. Females were not usually allowed to attend but were encouraged to know history, learn dance, and appreciate poetry. Public schools for everyone were still a long way off. Liberal arts were viewed as the key to freedom, which allowed humans to achieve their goals and reach their full potential. Liberal studies included philosophy, history, rhetoric, letters, mathematics, poetry, music and astronomy. Education for Renaissance boys was of two sorts. There was classical education based on the Latin language for boys who planned to go on to a university. There was also education through apprenticeships for boys who planned to pursue a trade.

Girls received less education than boys during the Renaissance. Some girls did become well educated in the classics, and some also became apprentices. Many more were educated mainly in practical matters at home. In some cases, when a woman received an education it was said that it was for the benefit of a man.
Overall Humanist schools combined Christianity and the classics to produce a model of education for all of Europe.

Matchmaking bad turn

Year 1502
Today, I have gone to the representation of “La Celestina” in Seville. The author of this play is Fernando de Rojas. It has twenty one acts.
It is a tragicomedy about the love between Calisto and Malibea and the bad methods that use the matchmaker to make that they fall in love between them.
It has been very interesting despite it was a bit long. The script was brilliant and the actors were rather good. The best character was the matchmaker, he acts in an incredible way. Only the actor that was the character called Sempronio perform a bit terrific. He didn´t know his sentences and he spoke very low!
The decoration of the scenery and the costumes where amazing. They were pretty well done and they have a very interesting style.

By Carla Llavador.

A TIRELESS CREATOR

Michelangelo has done it again!

Michelangelo does not rest! After Bacchos (1496/97), the great Michelangelo has created “David” (1501/04), it seems a symbol of the defence of civil liberties. Both are located in Florence. Now he presents Moses, in Rome, which is thoroughly carved with white marble. "Moses" could be one of the most important works that Michelangelo has ever done! This had been built for the tomb of Julius Pope in Saint Peter’s basilica but now it is being moved to Saint Pietro’s Church for unknown reasons.

But this never ends! The author shows at the world his first works as architect with the “Basilica of San Lawrence”, which is also in Florence; it is one of the largest churches of the town and Placed in the downtown.

In addition, he is becoming to be acknowledged by his paintings, such as “The Entombment “ and “The battle of Cascina”. Actually he is ending  “The creation of  Adam”.

This is the life of a genius, he is always creating something...Painting, designing buildings, drawing, carving sculptures, writing poetry...What will be the next thing?

By: Ana Sánchez

APOLLO AND DAPHNE TURN INTO STONE (By Angela Jimeno)

In 1625 Apollo and Dafne turn into Stone. It was an artistic charm elaborated by the powerful sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini. This horrible tragedy was located in Rome, Italy. After, some peolple caught this sculpture and put it in the Gallery Borghese.
This charm was caused when Bernini hear the story of this two people, which recounts how one day Apollo (God of Light and Poetry) teased an arrow-wielding Cupid, calling him too young a boy to be fit to handle such dangerous weapons. Out of spite, Cupid then pricked him with one of his amour-inducing arrows, causing the god to fall madly in love with the passing-by river nymph Daphne. However, Daphne was devoted to the goddess Diana, and had resolved never to marry and to remain a virgin for her entire life.
When Apollo pursued her, driven by his lust, she ran away in panic, calling to her father the river God to help her. He heeded her prayer by transforming her into a laurel tree. Apollo declared that if she would never be his wife, she would at least be his tree, and it is for this reason that he imbued the tree with eternal youth and adopted the crown of laurel leaves, which subsequently became the symbol of Olympic victories and Roman emperors.
Bernini became a fan of Apollo and Dafne and decided to turn them into Stone. In this way he could see them everyday and be a winner because he had part of Dafne and the laurel tree.
Now we can see the sculpture in the gallery. Bernini thought very well the charm so if we obseve clear this work we can see that Daphne is in the process of becoming a tree, with bark creeping over her legs and leaves and branches sprouting out of her fingers.

HENRY VIII GETS MARRIED FOR THE SIXTH TIME! (by Carla Llavador)

Catherine Parr has married with Henry VIII only some month after the execution of Catherine Howard, his last and fifth wife.

WHO WERE HIS OTHERS WIFES?
Catherine of Aragon was his first wife. She married Henry when he only was 18 years old. Before that, Catherine was the wife of Arthur, Henry´s brother but he had died.
Henry got divorced because Catherine didn´t give him any son, only one daughter.

After the divorce he married with Anne Bolena and they had a daughter. But when he got bored of her he accused her of been unfaithful and she was executed. This marriage only lasted 3 years.

The third wife of Henry was Jane Seymour. They married two weeks after Anne's death. With Jane, Henry could have a son but some days after the birth of the baby Jane died.

Anne of Cleves was a german princess and the fourth wife of Henry. They married five days after they meet. But this marriage didn’t work because Henry thought that she was absolutely repellent and because their likes were totally different.

His fifth wife was Catherine Howard, Anne Bolena´s cousin. She only was 19 years old and Henry was around the 50. She worked for Anne of Cleves when she was queen. Catherine and Henry were lovers for a long time and then they married sixteen days after the divorce with Anne of Cleves.
Some time after this, Henry accused Catherine of been unfaithful and she was executed.

And then some months after this he married  Catherine Parr, the current wife. How will it goes?

HOTEL TRANSILVANIA (by Raquel Ilas)

HOTEL TRANSILVANIA
The Bran castle is a castle in Romania. It is located near
Braşov in Transilvania, which is a nice place for tourism.
BRAN CASTLE:

This castle is known because of its relation with the novel “Count Dracula”. Perhaps it is most important because of its old architecture, because Dracula is a fictional character. Otherwise, it’s said that Vlad III Drăculea, the real historical character in which the writer (Bram Stoker) inspired his novel, had never been in this castle. His real castle was castle of Poenari.
CASTLE OF POENARI:

Castle of Poenari is a castle actually in ruins. This castle has been conquered many times until they abandoned it. It had lost a little fragment because of a landslip which felt on the river Argeş, but this has been repaired. Despite this, nowadays the castle can be visited because its walls and towers are still standing.
By: Raquel Ilas.

A TIME OF INNOVATIONS (by Ana L. Sánchez)

Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe. It was a radical change compared with the Middle Ages: its architects revived classic elements such as semicircular arches and became so popular replacing gothic architecture.
Buildings were smaller and not as tall as gothic constructions. Architects wanted to adapt the proportions of the human body and create a sense of order and harmony.
Quattrocento: it is the period of Italian art for the 15th century. During this time, theocentrism is overcome and a culture based on humanism prevails. One of the most important architects was Brunelleschi. He was also a painter and a sculptor.
Cinquocento: in the 16th century, the centre of Renaissance architecture was Rome. Here buildings were built under the patronage of Alexander VI, Julius II,

THE CITY OF THEATRE (by María Díaz Guerra)

The Corral de Comedias (comedy theatre) of Almagro is now open! It has been built by Leonardo Oviedo this year, in 1628.
Comedy Theatres use to follow the architectural model of family inns or neighbourhoods’ courtyards, enclosed in open-air spaces designed for the purpose of hosting theatrical perfomaces during this era, the Spanish Golden Age.
The theatre is built over the so-called “del Toro inn”. This reform consisted in building the stage and the corridors, based on a light wooden structure, which imitating the Plaza Mayor design will allocate the audience.
The patio serves as a transit area, giving access to the inn premises, situated under the three corridors around the wooden structure.
There are a lot of plays to see. Let’s have fun!
The City Council of Almagro has announced the construction of another theatre, but we don’t know many things yet. Some rumors say that Cirilo Vara y Soria is going to be the architect, and that he is going to use a neoclassical style.

We hope to have news soon!

    

The best Russian ruler in history

Ivan III Vasilyevich (22 January 1440, Moscow - 27 October 1505), also known as Ivan the Great, was a Grand Prince of Moscow. He was one of the greatest rulers of the Russian Empire because he tripled the territory of his state, he completed the unification of Russian lands and he ended the dominance of the Golden Horde. He was one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history.

Picture of Ivan the Great

Ivan was the oldest son of Basil II and he get married when he was only 12 years old with the Princess Maria of Tver. Basil II died when Ivan was 22 years old. After the death of his father Ivan became the grand prince of Moscow without being confirmed by then Mongol Khan.

Picture of Princess Maria of Tver

After the death of his first wife, Ivan married Sophia Paleologue, a Byzantine princess and niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI. The marriage was sponsored by the Vatican in hope of bringing Russia under the sway of the Pope and of establishing a broad front against the Turks, a goal that failed. From Ivan´s point of view, the marriage fitted well into general trend of elevating the Muscovite ruler.

Following the marriage, Ivan developed a complicated court ceremonial on the Byzantine model and began to use the title of czar and autocrat. Also during the reign of Ivan and his son, Basil III, Moscow came to by spokesmen as the Thrid Rome.

An impressive building program in Moscow took place under Ivan, directed primarily by Italian artists and craftsmen. New buildings were erected in the Kremlin, and the Kremlin walls were strengthened and furnished with towers and gates. Ivan died on October 27,1505, and was succeeded by his son,Basil.

Sculpture of Sophia Paleologue

By: Víctor Plámenov Marínov

MAYA EMPIRE

            Maya empire By: Iker Plaza

The maya empire was originate in Yucatan.

They were the most advanteage persons living in central América. 

Mayas were noted as well for elaborate and highly decorated ceremonial architecture, including temple-pyramids, palaces and observatories, all built without metal tools.

They made offerings to gods to have a good yeras and good crops.

The history of the mayas is divided in 3 periods: the Preclassic, Classic, and Postclassic periods.These were preceded by the Archaic Period. And the final one was the Contact Period.

 

Preclassic Period (c. 2000 BC – 250 AD)

 

The first civilization was developed, staments were established, they cultivate crops of maize, beans, squash, and chili pepper.

Classic period (c. 250–900 AD)

The Classic period is largely defined as the period during which the lowland Maya raised dated monuments using the Long Count calendar. In this period, Mayas start to built very big buldings used for sacrificing people or, to left there the dead bodies.

In the Early Classic, cities throughout the Maya region were influenced by the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico.

Postclassic (c. 950-1539 d. C.)

When people left the most important cities of the classic period, only a minority keep its culture and live in the Posclassic Period.

The activity centre was moved to the North and to the highest part of the territory.

The Spanish conquered

In the year 1511, one carebel stops in the Caribean Islands and a lot of Spanish sailors stablished a camp in Maya territory. They were captured and the mayority was sacrificed but the other ones escape. Between the years 1517 and 1519 three independent Spanish expeditions explore the coast of Yucatan. In the year 1697 Martín de Urzúa defeact the maya empire

MAYA EMPIRE

By: Iker Plaza

Leonardo da Vinci        

(1452-1519)

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, borns the 15^th of April of the year 1452 in Vinci, republic of Florence and he dies the 2nd of may of the year 1519 with 67 years old in Amboise.4

In the artistic plan, with Rafael and Miguel Ángel they form the group of “The Masters of the Cincuechento “. Its posible that the fastination that his works produce dosnt stop increasing over the years.

Is enourmus curiosity suddenly appears, when he was a kid he draws mitological animals that he invent.

He start like an aprentice in the workshop of Andrea del Verrocchio, with him he used at first the oil colour.

When he was 30 he realized mechanical and hydraulical projects. Also he work at sculpture and architecture.

When he grow he make a group of discipols.

In the year 1503 he was already considered one of most important masters in Italy. The top of his work was the portrait of Mona Lisa Gheradini. Portrait that is also named the Gioconda.

He left Milan and he desided to live in the Batican city. The last years of his live he was considered a member of the nobelty

His most famous works

Ø La ultima cena.

Ø La Virgen de las rocas.

                

Ø La Batalla de Anghiari.     

Ø La dama del Armiño.

 

Ø La Anunciacion.

Ø La Mona Lisa

 

INCA EMPIRE

This empire was very big and advanced culture in the american continent but it lasted only one century. The Incas were a peruvian tribu that spoke Quechua language and their capital was Cuzco.
The incas believed in many gods because they were polytheistic but one of their main gods was Inti (god of the sun). According to Inca mythology there were three worlds and they were created by their god Viracocha. These three worlds were:
Hanan Pacha (Heaven): it was a world in which only good people can go by crossing a bridge made of hair.
Kay Pacha (present world): it was the world in which all the humans live.
Uku Pacha (world of the dead): it was the world in which all the kids that did´t born and all the things under the earth were.
Inti and Viracocha were important gods but there were more important gods like: Mama Quilla (mother of the moon), Pacha Mama (mother of the earth), Mama Sara (mother of the corn or food) and Mama Cocha (mother of the sea).

ART DEVELOP: 

Art was inspired by the artistic models of Antiquity.Renaissance artists wanted to revive the simple,harmonious forms of the Greeks and Romans,and they rejected the elaborate ornamentation of the gothic style.

In their art they tried to capture the ideal beauty of human beings.

Viturmian man.

The renasissance style first appeared in Italy,in the 14 century,but flourished and spread in the 15 and 16 centuries.
-THE QUATTROCENTO:was the term applied to 15 century Italian art,which flourished in Florence.
-THE CINQUECENTO:was the term used to describe 16 century art,which flourished in Rome.During this period,the Renaissance style spread troughout Europe.

NEREA MORALES MONEDERO

                        SCIENCE DEVELOP: 

Science..

Humanism stimulated the desire to investigate and learn.This affected the development of science.

In the 16 century,Nicolaus Copernicous developed the HELIOCENTRIC THEORY.This maintained that the sun was the centre of the universe,and that the Earth and other planets revolved around it.The Church rejected Copernicous' theory for religious reasons.It supported the Ptolemaic(geocentric)theory,which maintained that the earth was the centre of the universe.
Discoveries were also made in human anatomy.For example,Andrea Vesalius studied anatomy and Miguel Servet studied anatomy and Miguel Servet studied blood circulation.
Geographical discoveries led to the devolpment of the other sciences and disciplines,such as geography,zoology,botany and cartography.

WOMEN IN THE 16th CENTURY

WOMEN IN THE 16th CENTURY

In the 16th century the role of women was very hard and they were dominated by men while they remained meek and submissive. A women had no right to education or gain the ability to speak publicy. Their main role was to raise the childrens as well as take care of her husband and the home. Their inferior stature in society perceived to be incapable of anything and high significate.

WORK

There were not many professions open to women. In this century,  they were not allowed in the professions( such as doctors, lawyers and teachers) and female employement was ften menial and low paid. However, women were allowed to join some of the guilds.

Women were allowed to be tailors, miliners, dyers, shoemakers, servants, nannies and embroideres.

EDUCATION

Women were not able to attend school or universities to have acces to proper education but they were allowed to had private tutors. In most ocurrernces it would be the man that would tach his wife to read and write.

MARRIAGE

Marriage was a mandatory action during the 16th century,Girls could marriages at age of 12. Women lost control of their life once they were married. Also they could not become ruler of the country if her husband died. Legally, the women´s possesions belonged to hr husband. Even if a women´s husband died and she had any sons, they would gain power over her.

Women also were not able to voive their opinión andin lived in the shadow of men in general was mamdatory that they knew how to prepare medicines and spin cloth. They also were not able to vote, receive inherited money and gain education.

CLOTHES

They were usually made of wool or linen. Only rich women could afford cotton and silk. Women wore a kind of petticoat called a smock or shift made of linen or wool amd wool dressed over it.

In the 16th cetury, all women wore hats. The poorest ones, wore a linen hat called caif. It was fashionabke for wealthy women to have pale skin. They whitened their skin with egg whites or white deal.

 By :Ángela Jimeno Hervás

ZAMORA (by Manuel Bona)

ZAMORA

Zamora is in the north-west of Spain in “Castilla y León”. It was populated by the “vacceos” and conquest by cartaginests and romans. The legend says that Viriato was born in Sayago, he fought against romans.

The most important period for Zamora was the Middle Age. It´s firts walls were constructed in 893 a.C although one century later, Al-Mansur conquered the city.

It was reconquered by Christian´s definitely in the XI century by Fernando I. From this century there are three castles which nowadays only one is left and from the XII century the cathedral and the romanesque churches.

Fernando I divided his kingdom for his five sons:

He gave Zamora to Urraca. Castile for Sanco II. The kingdom of Leon for Alfonso VI. Galicia for Garcia. Toro to Elvira.

Sancho II wanted his brother´s possessions (his vassal was Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, “El Cid Campeador”).

Sancho II attacked his sister Urraca and after a siege which left seven months Bellido Dolfos finished with Sancho´s II life and finished the siege.

Two important sentences:-“Zamora la bien cercada”.Inhonor to Fernando I who reconstructed the walls.

The second sentence was:-“Zamora no se ganó en una hora”.

Concerning to the siege of Sancho II to his sister Urraca.

It´s medieval structure is copound by solid walls, narrow streets and small squares, one castle castle and the cathedral with it´s dome with it´s Romanesque churches, also it´s Romanesque bridge above the river Duero.

Around Zamora exists locations of the Middle Age with importance:

-“Monasterio de Santa María de Moreruela”.

-“El Scriptorium de la Torre del Monasterio de San Salvador de Tábara”.

BOATS IN THE MIDDLE AGES (Manuel Bona)





In most of the Middle Age, european knowledges of navegation were the Mediterranean sea, the North sea and the coastal areas of the Atlantic ocean. The techniques of navegation were few, the course was maintained by the release of shipped birds and the compass, but it didn´t exist until the 1200 approximately.

One of the most important acts was the use of the stern rudder, and the introduction of the lateen sail, which allowed boats sail upwind by successive embroidered.

To all of these must be added the compass and the improvement of maps like the “Carta de Pisana”in the XIII century.




There were different types of boats:
MOVED BY ROWING:







MOVED BY SAIL:

-The Carracas: This boats demaded more sail Surface. They had the need to carry to the ships more tonnage.

-The Naos: They were designed to sail long and difficult crossings, almost always were used in the Atlantic ocean. The caravelsand the naos had a combination of square sails (of Eastern origin) and triangular sail which allowed sail upwind, one long helm and one curved and tall keel, which provided more security and strength to the boat.

http://cdn01.am.infobae.com/adjuntos/163/imagenes/011/004/0011004590.jpg?0000-00-00-00-00-00

-The Caravels: It´s origin was Portuguese. It was long and narrow. It was perfeccionated by the Portuguese´s navegation school, it was founded in Sagres by Enrique el Navegante. Cristobal Colón dicovered America with three caravels (La Pinta, La Niña and La Santa María).





http://balearidesdigital.com/bdvs01/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Coca-de-Matar%C3%B3-1450-Balearides.jpg

-The Cokes: It´s origin was Atlantic it is known by the high forecastles, so sometimes they could have more tan one covers.



GOODS
Among the goods that were transported they can be classified into two groups:the herbs and the spices, the first group were the ones which modify the taste and the aspect of food,an in the second group, the ones which excited the palate. The spices as pepper, cinnamon, sffon and nutmeg came again to Europe.




THE HARBOURS
In the Middle Age the harbours were refered more as a place than as a material reality because of the absence of infrastructures was normal in most of the cities. The ships floted near the beach or in important harbours while the bigger
ships flotedfurther from the beach, so the goods were transported by small boats to the shore.

THE TRIPULATION OF THE BOATS
The patterns had broader functions than the simple techniques because they were the boss of the administration.
The notaries kept a book where all the incomes and expenses were reflected.
They controlled the loading and unloading of the goods, they bought what was necessary for the ship.
The tripulation was divided into two groups: the first group was formed by the sailors. The second group was formed by specialised personal.



ORIENTATION
The sailors orientated by stars because it was easier, although they also orientated by the sun, but it was more difficult because it´s tagging when it goes and when it puts is the same all year.

Flying machines (Manuel Bona)

The history of flying began in the V century when the first flying object made by humans appeared, it was the kite.
In the XIII century the English monk Roger Bacon, came to the conclusion that the air could bear one machine as the water bears a boat.
Leonardo di Ser Pierdo da Vinci (better known as Leonardo da Vinci) was the man of the Renaissance by excellence. The imagination of Leonardo took him to design a lot of witty machines, from military machines to scientific instruments, or flying machines.

THE AERIAL SCREW OF DA VINCI

http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/medio/2011/08/29/vueloindividual06_714x541.jpg

http://plamoya.com/bmz_cache/c/c0165d5d56479bc94c413486078dcf96.image.500x419.jpg


Known as the first prototype of the helicopter, practised by the study said that if in a solid body, there is one object in it´s interior, this objectwould go up. The machine is done by a screw of ten meters of diameter done by a structure of reeds covered by strached linen and reinforced with a metalic edge.


FLYING MACHINE OF DA VINCI

http://www.iesfranciscoasorey.com/inventos/Imagenes/renacimiento/maquina%20voladora%20vinci.jpg

The imagination of Da Vinci was awesome for this ideas about flying machines, including the gliders equipped by folding wings.
This housing oppened model, equipped with sits and controllers for the pilot, established the funds of the aerial technology. Cranks, pulleys, ropes and toothed wheels were as the wings and joints of the bats.They didn´t fly, they glided.It was like a hang-glider.

HISTORY OF MAPS

Maps are graphic representations which show geographic information and spatial concepts.
The art of making and science of making maps is called cartography. This has been advancing by the passing of time. Some of the oldest maps are conserved in Babylonian clay tablets from about 2300 B.C. But there were many different types of them:
-During the Medieval period, O.T. maps were common. By this period cartography developed and maps were drawn with more realistic lines.
-In Renaissance maps started to be printed. In this period the best and most important map maker was Sebastian Münster. He developed maps of different parts of the whole world. Cartography kept developing and globes were constructed. They had a great value for economic, military and diplomatic purposes.
-Whole world maps started to appear on the 16th century. They were represented by following the voyages of Columbus. The first whole map is credited to Martin Waldseemüller in 1507.
Maps kept developing to the modern maps that were the result of pictures and illustrations. Maps took a long period of time to develop to how they are nowadays. The maps that we use don’t show us exactly how the Earth is, but they try to represent it as similar as they can with the help of the technologies we have.

HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN O.T. MAP:

By: Raquel Ilas

ART IN THE MIDDLE AGES 1: ROMANESQUE

INTRODUCTION
During the middle ages, European artists painted religious images and symbolism. Some paintings show important people of christian kingdoms(they were painted as figures).
Middle Ages paintings are some of the most beautiful pieces of artwork that were ever created. They can express an entire scene through a painting, and each and every one of them represents a great deal of the topics that were extremely important during that time period. You can tell a great deal about what was going on simply by looking at a single painting.
Symbolism was a huge part of the Middle Ages paintings, and that means that many of the paintings represent something that was largely valued at the time. Religion was one of the biggest factors during the Middle Ages, and that is reflected in much of the painting that was conducted at that time. Early Christian art, Migration Period art, Byzantine art, Insular art, Pre-Romanesque, Romanesque art, and Gothic art are some classes of art. But we are only going to talk about Romanesque art and Gothic art.

ROMANESQUE ART Romanesque art developed in western Europe from around 1000 to 1150. Its origins were linked with the reform of religious life that began in the 900s, and, as a result, most Romanesque art was religious. Romanesque art was especially in painting and sculpture. It emphasizes emotion, particularly religious excitement, and it presents rich images drawn from daily life. It also exhibits fantasy.
During the Romanesque time from 800-1100 A.D., painting continued as illustrated manuscripts and extended to mural painting in churches.Very few of these mural still exist. Most paintings were found in the form of illustrated manuscripts. Many of this illuminated manuscripts were produced by church schools and monasteries. Manuscript illumination shows the characteristics of Romanesque painting: strong colors; exaggerated postures and movement. Manuscripts were a tipe of romanesque painting that were called miniatures.
The walls of Romanesque churches were decorated with mural paintings in fresco mosaics. Romanesque mural paintings were common in walls. There were many regional styles of wall painting in Europe during the Romanesque period. Small churches in northeastern Spain contain fresco decorations. Many murals also reflect a strong Byzantine influence. Paintings on panels of wood from the region show scenes of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and various saints.

bY: Carolina  Benito

INTERVIEW TO MARÍA GUERRA

INTERVIEWERS: Do you like history?
MARÍA GUERRA: I love it. History is formed by the basic things to know in life to understand everything.
I: What is your favorite age in history? Why?
M.G.: Contemporary age. Because I am living in this age and because the women position is better now.
I: Do you think that history is important for life? And for your job? Why?
M.G: Yes, is important for life because the things that have happened in the past make you understand the present.
For my job? Yes, because it is essential to know about the past of the people and understand their behavior now a days. And it is very important to teach boys and girls.
I: Do you usually use history references in jour work?
M.G.: Yes, sure. To speak about the present you can refer about the past.
I:Would you like to learn more about England history?
M.G.: I know about England history because I have study it in my degree.
I: Do you think that is important that the students study history in the school? And do you think that it s good that we study it in English?
M.G.: Yes, It is essential.
Yes, it is good because you enhance your vocabulary. and it makes you able to speak about a lot of different topics like history, politic and more things related with this.
I: ok, that is. Thank you.
M.G.: You’re welcome. It was so fine.

Interview by: Ángela Jimeno, Ana Sánchez, María Díaz and Carla Llavador.

TRADE IN AL-ANDALUS

Al-Andalus was the centre of very active trade. Andalusian crafts were sold in other regions of the world, especially around the Mediterranean sea. In exchange the merchants bought slaves and gold. Two different coins were mainly used in these transactions: the gold dinar and the silver dirhem.
Al-Andalus had a common language with all of North Africa and the Middle East, which facilitated commerce.
As its own manufacturing ability improved it began to participate fully, exporting wrought iron, glass, ceramics, paper goods, woolen textiles…
Supporting this important sector was an agricultural infrastructure that made Al-Andalus the envy of the Mediterranean. At a time when agriculture in the rest of Europe was just a matter of manual work, in Al-Andalus it was treated as a science.

TEXTILES

Fine fabrics made of cotton, wool, linen, and silk were so commonly traded that they were almost a form of currency. Each country produced ordinary fabrics for clothing from available fibers in Europe, often wool. Luxury textiles especially those woven, printed, or embroidered in multiple colors were exactly the type of goods well suited for long-distance trade in weight, valuable, and much in demand.
Fine linens and woolens had been traded for centuries, and the volume of such trade increased during the medieval period.
Al-Andalus became a center of silk production, including both import of silk thread and cultivation of silkworms. Silk textiles became important articles of the export trade. Andalusian silks at first had similar design motifs like those of Persian, Byzantine, and Mesopotamian origin.


Carla Llavador Rubio.

Interview to : Ana Prados

Interviewers : Hello Ana can we ask you some questions ?
Ana : Yes you can
I : Okey, the first question is : what period in age do you like the most and why ?
A : My favourite period in age is rennassance because is the period where were so many important people like Da Vinci and Miguel Anguel, also in this age arts improved so much
I : Very good, do you think that history is needed for your life ?
A : Yes, of course
I : and for your job ?
A : yes bacause we can learn from our ancients error
I : okey thank you very much

Salamanca: la casa de las conchas

La casa de las conchas is a building of Salamanca. It was started to built at the end of the 15th century. It gets this name by more than 300 shells on its walls. The building follows the style of the mudejar art. It has a backyard that also follows this type of art.

There are some legends about this building but the most famous is that below a shell there is a gold coin that bring luck to the building. Another legend tells that the family owned the building hidden their jewelry under a shell. The family written down the value of their jewelry but not which was the shell that hidden them. Thus, who wanted to try to find the jewelry, he had to pay a depost, with the amount of money written down by the family. If he could find the jewelry, he could appropiate them. On the other hand, if that didn’t happen, the seeker lost his money.

Article and pictures by Ana Sánchez

interview to Turner

Interviewers- Hello Turner can we ask you some questions? please
Turner- Yes
I- Ok, the first question is do you like history?
T- Of course
I- Next question, which is your favourite period in history?
T- My favourite period in history is probabily the years after and before WWII and WWI
I- Why?
T- Because there were so many changes politically, socially and technologically
I- Very well, do you think history is usefull for your life?
T- Yes because we have to know our antecesor and learn from their errors
I- And for your job?
T- Of course, Im a teacher
I- Okey that was all thanks you very much




By Victor and Ivan

Mudéjar art

Mudéjar art is a style native and unique to the history of Spain. It was a meeting between Christianity and Islam. The term Mudéjar refers to the Muslims who continued to practise their religion and their customs in the territories that became part of the Christian kingdoms as the Reconquest advanced into southern Spain.

Mudéjar art flourished thanks to the social phenomenon represented by the climate of peaceful coexistence between three cultures: Christian, Islamic and Jewish. This system of Islamic artistic work (materials, techniques, formal elements) left its mark both on Christian architecture and on its sumptuary arts.

Mudéjar style developed in Sahagún, León, as an adaption of architectural and ornamental motifs (specially through decoration with plasterwork and brick). Mudéjar extended to the rest of the kingdom of León, Toledo, Ávila, Segovia, etc., giving rise to what has been called “brick Romanesque style”. Centers of this type of art are found in cities such as Toro, Cuéllar, Arévalo and Madrigal de las Altas Torres. It became most highly developed mainly in Aragón, especially in Teruel. During the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, many imposing Mudéjar-style towers were built in Teruel, changing the aspect of the city. This distinction has survived to the present day.

by: María Díaz Guerra