ART DEVELOP: 

Art was inspired by the artistic models of Antiquity.Renaissance artists wanted to revive the simple,harmonious forms of the Greeks and Romans,and they rejected the elaborate ornamentation of the gothic style.

In their art they tried to capture the ideal beauty of human beings.

Viturmian man.

The renasissance style first appeared in Italy,in the 14 century,but flourished and spread in the 15 and 16 centuries.
-THE QUATTROCENTO:was the term applied to 15 century Italian art,which flourished in Florence.
-THE CINQUECENTO:was the term used to describe 16 century art,which flourished in Rome.During this period,the Renaissance style spread troughout Europe.

NEREA MORALES MONEDERO

                        SCIENCE DEVELOP: 

Science..

Humanism stimulated the desire to investigate and learn.This affected the development of science.

In the 16 century,Nicolaus Copernicous developed the HELIOCENTRIC THEORY.This maintained that the sun was the centre of the universe,and that the Earth and other planets revolved around it.The Church rejected Copernicous' theory for religious reasons.It supported the Ptolemaic(geocentric)theory,which maintained that the earth was the centre of the universe.
Discoveries were also made in human anatomy.For example,Andrea Vesalius studied anatomy and Miguel Servet studied anatomy and Miguel Servet studied blood circulation.
Geographical discoveries led to the devolpment of the other sciences and disciplines,such as geography,zoology,botany and cartography.

WOMEN IN THE 16th CENTURY

WOMEN IN THE 16th CENTURY

In the 16th century the role of women was very hard and they were dominated by men while they remained meek and submissive. A women had no right to education or gain the ability to speak publicy. Their main role was to raise the childrens as well as take care of her husband and the home. Their inferior stature in society perceived to be incapable of anything and high significate.

WORK

There were not many professions open to women. In this century,  they were not allowed in the professions( such as doctors, lawyers and teachers) and female employement was ften menial and low paid. However, women were allowed to join some of the guilds.

Women were allowed to be tailors, miliners, dyers, shoemakers, servants, nannies and embroideres.

EDUCATION

Women were not able to attend school or universities to have acces to proper education but they were allowed to had private tutors. In most ocurrernces it would be the man that would tach his wife to read and write.

MARRIAGE

Marriage was a mandatory action during the 16th century,Girls could marriages at age of 12. Women lost control of their life once they were married. Also they could not become ruler of the country if her husband died. Legally, the women´s possesions belonged to hr husband. Even if a women´s husband died and she had any sons, they would gain power over her.

Women also were not able to voive their opinión andin lived in the shadow of men in general was mamdatory that they knew how to prepare medicines and spin cloth. They also were not able to vote, receive inherited money and gain education.

CLOTHES

They were usually made of wool or linen. Only rich women could afford cotton and silk. Women wore a kind of petticoat called a smock or shift made of linen or wool amd wool dressed over it.

In the 16th cetury, all women wore hats. The poorest ones, wore a linen hat called caif. It was fashionabke for wealthy women to have pale skin. They whitened their skin with egg whites or white deal.

 By :Ángela Jimeno Hervás

ZAMORA (by Manuel Bona)

ZAMORA

Zamora is in the north-west of Spain in “Castilla y León”. It was populated by the “vacceos” and conquest by cartaginests and romans. The legend says that Viriato was born in Sayago, he fought against romans.

The most important period for Zamora was the Middle Age. It´s firts walls were constructed in 893 a.C although one century later, Al-Mansur conquered the city.

It was reconquered by Christian´s definitely in the XI century by Fernando I. From this century there are three castles which nowadays only one is left and from the XII century the cathedral and the romanesque churches.

Fernando I divided his kingdom for his five sons:

He gave Zamora to Urraca. Castile for Sanco II. The kingdom of Leon for Alfonso VI. Galicia for Garcia. Toro to Elvira.

Sancho II wanted his brother´s possessions (his vassal was Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, “El Cid Campeador”).

Sancho II attacked his sister Urraca and after a siege which left seven months Bellido Dolfos finished with Sancho´s II life and finished the siege.

Two important sentences:-“Zamora la bien cercada”.Inhonor to Fernando I who reconstructed the walls.

The second sentence was:-“Zamora no se ganó en una hora”.

Concerning to the siege of Sancho II to his sister Urraca.

It´s medieval structure is copound by solid walls, narrow streets and small squares, one castle castle and the cathedral with it´s dome with it´s Romanesque churches, also it´s Romanesque bridge above the river Duero.

Around Zamora exists locations of the Middle Age with importance:

-“Monasterio de Santa María de Moreruela”.

-“El Scriptorium de la Torre del Monasterio de San Salvador de Tábara”.

BOATS IN THE MIDDLE AGES (Manuel Bona)





In most of the Middle Age, european knowledges of navegation were the Mediterranean sea, the North sea and the coastal areas of the Atlantic ocean. The techniques of navegation were few, the course was maintained by the release of shipped birds and the compass, but it didn´t exist until the 1200 approximately.

One of the most important acts was the use of the stern rudder, and the introduction of the lateen sail, which allowed boats sail upwind by successive embroidered.

To all of these must be added the compass and the improvement of maps like the “Carta de Pisana”in the XIII century.




There were different types of boats:
MOVED BY ROWING:







MOVED BY SAIL:

-The Carracas: This boats demaded more sail Surface. They had the need to carry to the ships more tonnage.

-The Naos: They were designed to sail long and difficult crossings, almost always were used in the Atlantic ocean. The caravelsand the naos had a combination of square sails (of Eastern origin) and triangular sail which allowed sail upwind, one long helm and one curved and tall keel, which provided more security and strength to the boat.

http://cdn01.am.infobae.com/adjuntos/163/imagenes/011/004/0011004590.jpg?0000-00-00-00-00-00

-The Caravels: It´s origin was Portuguese. It was long and narrow. It was perfeccionated by the Portuguese´s navegation school, it was founded in Sagres by Enrique el Navegante. Cristobal Colón dicovered America with three caravels (La Pinta, La Niña and La Santa María).





http://balearidesdigital.com/bdvs01/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Coca-de-Matar%C3%B3-1450-Balearides.jpg

-The Cokes: It´s origin was Atlantic it is known by the high forecastles, so sometimes they could have more tan one covers.



GOODS
Among the goods that were transported they can be classified into two groups:the herbs and the spices, the first group were the ones which modify the taste and the aspect of food,an in the second group, the ones which excited the palate. The spices as pepper, cinnamon, sffon and nutmeg came again to Europe.




THE HARBOURS
In the Middle Age the harbours were refered more as a place than as a material reality because of the absence of infrastructures was normal in most of the cities. The ships floted near the beach or in important harbours while the bigger
ships flotedfurther from the beach, so the goods were transported by small boats to the shore.

THE TRIPULATION OF THE BOATS
The patterns had broader functions than the simple techniques because they were the boss of the administration.
The notaries kept a book where all the incomes and expenses were reflected.
They controlled the loading and unloading of the goods, they bought what was necessary for the ship.
The tripulation was divided into two groups: the first group was formed by the sailors. The second group was formed by specialised personal.



ORIENTATION
The sailors orientated by stars because it was easier, although they also orientated by the sun, but it was more difficult because it´s tagging when it goes and when it puts is the same all year.

Flying machines (Manuel Bona)

The history of flying began in the V century when the first flying object made by humans appeared, it was the kite.
In the XIII century the English monk Roger Bacon, came to the conclusion that the air could bear one machine as the water bears a boat.
Leonardo di Ser Pierdo da Vinci (better known as Leonardo da Vinci) was the man of the Renaissance by excellence. The imagination of Leonardo took him to design a lot of witty machines, from military machines to scientific instruments, or flying machines.

THE AERIAL SCREW OF DA VINCI

http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/medio/2011/08/29/vueloindividual06_714x541.jpg

http://plamoya.com/bmz_cache/c/c0165d5d56479bc94c413486078dcf96.image.500x419.jpg


Known as the first prototype of the helicopter, practised by the study said that if in a solid body, there is one object in it´s interior, this objectwould go up. The machine is done by a screw of ten meters of diameter done by a structure of reeds covered by strached linen and reinforced with a metalic edge.


FLYING MACHINE OF DA VINCI

http://www.iesfranciscoasorey.com/inventos/Imagenes/renacimiento/maquina%20voladora%20vinci.jpg

The imagination of Da Vinci was awesome for this ideas about flying machines, including the gliders equipped by folding wings.
This housing oppened model, equipped with sits and controllers for the pilot, established the funds of the aerial technology. Cranks, pulleys, ropes and toothed wheels were as the wings and joints of the bats.They didn´t fly, they glided.It was like a hang-glider.

HISTORY OF MAPS

Maps are graphic representations which show geographic information and spatial concepts.
The art of making and science of making maps is called cartography. This has been advancing by the passing of time. Some of the oldest maps are conserved in Babylonian clay tablets from about 2300 B.C. But there were many different types of them:
-During the Medieval period, O.T. maps were common. By this period cartography developed and maps were drawn with more realistic lines.
-In Renaissance maps started to be printed. In this period the best and most important map maker was Sebastian Münster. He developed maps of different parts of the whole world. Cartography kept developing and globes were constructed. They had a great value for economic, military and diplomatic purposes.
-Whole world maps started to appear on the 16th century. They were represented by following the voyages of Columbus. The first whole map is credited to Martin Waldseemüller in 1507.
Maps kept developing to the modern maps that were the result of pictures and illustrations. Maps took a long period of time to develop to how they are nowadays. The maps that we use don’t show us exactly how the Earth is, but they try to represent it as similar as they can with the help of the technologies we have.

HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN O.T. MAP:

By: Raquel Ilas

ART IN THE MIDDLE AGES 1: ROMANESQUE

INTRODUCTION
During the middle ages, European artists painted religious images and symbolism. Some paintings show important people of christian kingdoms(they were painted as figures).
Middle Ages paintings are some of the most beautiful pieces of artwork that were ever created. They can express an entire scene through a painting, and each and every one of them represents a great deal of the topics that were extremely important during that time period. You can tell a great deal about what was going on simply by looking at a single painting.
Symbolism was a huge part of the Middle Ages paintings, and that means that many of the paintings represent something that was largely valued at the time. Religion was one of the biggest factors during the Middle Ages, and that is reflected in much of the painting that was conducted at that time. Early Christian art, Migration Period art, Byzantine art, Insular art, Pre-Romanesque, Romanesque art, and Gothic art are some classes of art. But we are only going to talk about Romanesque art and Gothic art.

ROMANESQUE ART Romanesque art developed in western Europe from around 1000 to 1150. Its origins were linked with the reform of religious life that began in the 900s, and, as a result, most Romanesque art was religious. Romanesque art was especially in painting and sculpture. It emphasizes emotion, particularly religious excitement, and it presents rich images drawn from daily life. It also exhibits fantasy.
During the Romanesque time from 800-1100 A.D., painting continued as illustrated manuscripts and extended to mural painting in churches.Very few of these mural still exist. Most paintings were found in the form of illustrated manuscripts. Many of this illuminated manuscripts were produced by church schools and monasteries. Manuscript illumination shows the characteristics of Romanesque painting: strong colors; exaggerated postures and movement. Manuscripts were a tipe of romanesque painting that were called miniatures.
The walls of Romanesque churches were decorated with mural paintings in fresco mosaics. Romanesque mural paintings were common in walls. There were many regional styles of wall painting in Europe during the Romanesque period. Small churches in northeastern Spain contain fresco decorations. Many murals also reflect a strong Byzantine influence. Paintings on panels of wood from the region show scenes of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and various saints.

bY: Carolina  Benito

INTERVIEW TO MARÍA GUERRA

INTERVIEWERS: Do you like history?
MARÍA GUERRA: I love it. History is formed by the basic things to know in life to understand everything.
I: What is your favorite age in history? Why?
M.G.: Contemporary age. Because I am living in this age and because the women position is better now.
I: Do you think that history is important for life? And for your job? Why?
M.G: Yes, is important for life because the things that have happened in the past make you understand the present.
For my job? Yes, because it is essential to know about the past of the people and understand their behavior now a days. And it is very important to teach boys and girls.
I: Do you usually use history references in jour work?
M.G.: Yes, sure. To speak about the present you can refer about the past.
I:Would you like to learn more about England history?
M.G.: I know about England history because I have study it in my degree.
I: Do you think that is important that the students study history in the school? And do you think that it s good that we study it in English?
M.G.: Yes, It is essential.
Yes, it is good because you enhance your vocabulary. and it makes you able to speak about a lot of different topics like history, politic and more things related with this.
I: ok, that is. Thank you.
M.G.: You’re welcome. It was so fine.

Interview by: Ángela Jimeno, Ana Sánchez, María Díaz and Carla Llavador.

TRADE IN AL-ANDALUS

Al-Andalus was the centre of very active trade. Andalusian crafts were sold in other regions of the world, especially around the Mediterranean sea. In exchange the merchants bought slaves and gold. Two different coins were mainly used in these transactions: the gold dinar and the silver dirhem.
Al-Andalus had a common language with all of North Africa and the Middle East, which facilitated commerce.
As its own manufacturing ability improved it began to participate fully, exporting wrought iron, glass, ceramics, paper goods, woolen textiles…
Supporting this important sector was an agricultural infrastructure that made Al-Andalus the envy of the Mediterranean. At a time when agriculture in the rest of Europe was just a matter of manual work, in Al-Andalus it was treated as a science.

TEXTILES

Fine fabrics made of cotton, wool, linen, and silk were so commonly traded that they were almost a form of currency. Each country produced ordinary fabrics for clothing from available fibers in Europe, often wool. Luxury textiles especially those woven, printed, or embroidered in multiple colors were exactly the type of goods well suited for long-distance trade in weight, valuable, and much in demand.
Fine linens and woolens had been traded for centuries, and the volume of such trade increased during the medieval period.
Al-Andalus became a center of silk production, including both import of silk thread and cultivation of silkworms. Silk textiles became important articles of the export trade. Andalusian silks at first had similar design motifs like those of Persian, Byzantine, and Mesopotamian origin.


Carla Llavador Rubio.

Interview to : Ana Prados

Interviewers : Hello Ana can we ask you some questions ?
Ana : Yes you can
I : Okey, the first question is : what period in age do you like the most and why ?
A : My favourite period in age is rennassance because is the period where were so many important people like Da Vinci and Miguel Anguel, also in this age arts improved so much
I : Very good, do you think that history is needed for your life ?
A : Yes, of course
I : and for your job ?
A : yes bacause we can learn from our ancients error
I : okey thank you very much

Salamanca: la casa de las conchas

La casa de las conchas is a building of Salamanca. It was started to built at the end of the 15th century. It gets this name by more than 300 shells on its walls. The building follows the style of the mudejar art. It has a backyard that also follows this type of art.

There are some legends about this building but the most famous is that below a shell there is a gold coin that bring luck to the building. Another legend tells that the family owned the building hidden their jewelry under a shell. The family written down the value of their jewelry but not which was the shell that hidden them. Thus, who wanted to try to find the jewelry, he had to pay a depost, with the amount of money written down by the family. If he could find the jewelry, he could appropiate them. On the other hand, if that didn’t happen, the seeker lost his money.

Article and pictures by Ana Sánchez

interview to Turner

Interviewers- Hello Turner can we ask you some questions? please
Turner- Yes
I- Ok, the first question is do you like history?
T- Of course
I- Next question, which is your favourite period in history?
T- My favourite period in history is probabily the years after and before WWII and WWI
I- Why?
T- Because there were so many changes politically, socially and technologically
I- Very well, do you think history is usefull for your life?
T- Yes because we have to know our antecesor and learn from their errors
I- And for your job?
T- Of course, Im a teacher
I- Okey that was all thanks you very much




By Victor and Ivan

Mudéjar art

Mudéjar art is a style native and unique to the history of Spain. It was a meeting between Christianity and Islam. The term Mudéjar refers to the Muslims who continued to practise their religion and their customs in the territories that became part of the Christian kingdoms as the Reconquest advanced into southern Spain.

Mudéjar art flourished thanks to the social phenomenon represented by the climate of peaceful coexistence between three cultures: Christian, Islamic and Jewish. This system of Islamic artistic work (materials, techniques, formal elements) left its mark both on Christian architecture and on its sumptuary arts.

Mudéjar style developed in Sahagún, León, as an adaption of architectural and ornamental motifs (specially through decoration with plasterwork and brick). Mudéjar extended to the rest of the kingdom of León, Toledo, Ávila, Segovia, etc., giving rise to what has been called “brick Romanesque style”. Centers of this type of art are found in cities such as Toro, Cuéllar, Arévalo and Madrigal de las Altas Torres. It became most highly developed mainly in Aragón, especially in Teruel. During the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, many imposing Mudéjar-style towers were built in Teruel, changing the aspect of the city. This distinction has survived to the present day.

by: María Díaz Guerra

A beautiful city: Salamanca

                                              Salamanca

Salamanca is a city in Spain situated in Castilla and Leon.

This city dates from about 2700 in iron ages but the main foundations of it were established in the midddle ages, in this period was constructed the most famous building in Salamanca : the university of  Salamanca, made by Alphonse X, this university it is also the oldest one in Spain, also there is a tradition that consist on try to find a frog on its walls. 

In this magnificient city so many cultures have live, some of them are : muslims, teutons, romans, visigoths, etc

The old city was named human heritage  in 1988 and in 2002 was named European capital of culture.

During the muslim invasion was conquered and later deserted, after it was named ¨nobody´s land¨

but in 939 after the battle of Simancas was a little bit repoblated but it wasn´t competely repoblate after 1085 by Alphonse VI

  i

The main old part of the city of salamanca is all constructed whit a specific type of rock called ¨piedra of  villamamayor¨  this rock was extracted from a quarry near salamanca, later during roman ages the rock they used was granite and another  type of sandstone extracted from Montjuic (Cataluña)

later in middle ages has culture decreases they don´t care about architecture and they used the rock they have the nearest, that was the ¨arenisca of villamayor¨.

Maybe many people think that in ancient times Salamanca was a big city but it wasn´t, in the XII when the city was covered by a wall the most part of it were lands and unedificated territory

During the ¨call reconquest¨ in salamanca there wasn´t any warrior on it, the main defense were the ¨serranos¨ a sheepkeeper that also was a warrior
Some important buildings of salamanca
Plaza Mayor : a barroque square constructed in 1750
Cathedrals : the old cathedral and the ¨new¨ cathedral, that is called new but it was constructed in the XVI
The shells house : is now a days a library, but if you want to now more things one of my mate have do another post.
The roman bridge : a roman bridge that cross along the Tormes river it dates from the I

SEGOVIA ( THE ACUEDUCT) by Ángela Jimeno

Segovia is a Spanish city in the southern part of the independent community of Castilla and Leon, capital of the province of he himself name. It is located in the confluence of the rivers Eresma and Clamores, on the foot of the mountain range of Guadarrama. This city is well-known mainly by its great Roman aqueduct. His it stops more visible is the arcade that crosses the seat of the Azoguejo in the city.


For their construction, the Romans used forts scaffolds that supported the centerings, on which the voussoirs of the arcs were fitted, whose central stone, the key, had to be perfectly carved in wedge form thus to be able to exert the sufficient pressure.







There is a legend of the aqueduct of Segovia in which one tells that a girl raised every day until upper of the mountain and lowered with the full water pitcher. A day, is satiated with that, asked the demon who constructed some means so that he did not have to raise and to lower every day with the pitcher. Then, at night, devil appeared him and desire granted him in exchange for that, if were able to finish the aqueduct before the rooster sang, would have to give its soul to him. The girl acceded and the devil began to construct the aqueduct, moment at which the girl regreted it to have wished. Just when it had left a stone to finish, the rooster sang, which caused that the devil failed and the girl did not lose her soul. In the hollow that was it is where now the statue of the Virgin of the Fuencisla is put. And according to they say the holes that still we can see in stones could be the tracks of the devil.

Written by: Ángela Jimeno